天津市PM2.5中水溶性无机离子污染特征及来源分析

2008年1、4、7月和10月在天津大气层边界站,利用中流量采样器对大气中的细粒子进行了滤膜样品采集,应用离子色谱检测技术分析了8种水溶性无机离子(Na⁺、NH₄⁺、K⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO₄^2-、NO₃^-和Cl^-)的含量。结果表明,天津市大气PM_2.5中总水溶性无机离子平均浓度为47.3 μg/m³,其中,SO₄^2-、NO₃^-、NH₄⁺和Cl^-是最主要的水溶性无机离子,占总离子质量分数共计87.3%,表明了天津市细粒子中的主要水溶性无机离子的特征。/2 平均比值接近1.0,显示硫酸氨是细粒子中硫酸盐的主要存在形式。NO₃^-/SO₄^2-浓度比的平均值为0.65,反映了燃煤污染与机动车尾气污染并存的复合型大气污染特征。并通过对PM_2.5中8个水溶性离子成分的主成分分析进一步揭示了其来源。     

秸秆焚烧对北京市空气质量的影响

用火焰原子吸收光谱法测试了北京市两个采样点 1 #站 (十三陵站 ,清洁对照点 )和 5#站 (天坛站 ,居民生活区 )1 1 0个大气颗粒物样品中的水溶性钾 ,以表征秸秆焚烧颗粒物。 1 #站水溶性钾的质量浓度年均值为 1 .2 1 μg/m3,其中以1 998年 6月份浓度 (3 .0 7μg/m3)最高 ,是 5月份 (1 .0 2μg/m3)的 3倍 ;5#站水溶性钾的质量浓度年均值为 1 .94μg/m3,6月份 (4 .2 2 μg/m3)最高 ,是 5月份 (1 .97μg/m3)的 2 .1倍。数据分析结果表明 1 998年 6月份麦收季节存在以秸秆焚烧为主的生物质燃烧现象 ,使大气颗粒物中有机碳浓度水平升高 ,并对北京市的空气质量带来负面影响     

Road deicing salt irreversibly disrupts osmoregulation of salamander egg clutches

It has been postulated that road deicing salts are sufficiently diluted by spring rains to ameliorate any physiological impacts to amphibians breeding in wetlands near roads. We tested this conjecture by exposing clutches of the spotted salamander (Ambystoma maculatum) to three chloride concentrations (1 mg/L, 145 mg/L, 945 mg/L) for nine days, then transferred clutches to control water for nine days, and measured change in mass at three-day intervals. We measured mass change because water uptake by clutches reduces risks to embryos associated with freezing, predation, and disease. Clutches in controls sequestered water asymptotically. Those in the moderate concentrations lost 18% mass initially and regained 14% after transfer to control water. Clutches in high concentration lost 33% mass and then lost an additional 8% after transfer. Our results suggest that spring rains do not ameliorate the effects of deicing salts in wetlands with extremely high chloride concentrations.     

用碳化法从制碱废渣一次盐泥中制取轻质氧化镁的研究

本研究是用制碱废渣一次盐泥作原料，采用二氧化碳碳化法制取轻质氧化镁。同时分析了提取轻质氧化镁后的残渣用于制造水泥或其它胶凝材料的原料的可行性。     

Effect of long-term changes in soil chemistry induced by road salt applications on N-transformations in roadside soils

Of several impacts of road salting on roadside soils, the potential disruption of the nitrogen cycle has been largely ignored. Therefore the fates of low-level ammonium-N and nitrate-N inputs to roadside soils impacted by salting over an extended period (decades) in the field have been studied. The use of road salts disrupts the proportional contributions of nitrate-N and ammonium-N to the mineral inorganic fraction of roadside soils. It is highly probable that the degree of salt exposure of the soil, in the longer term, controls the rates of key microbial N transformation processes, primarily by increasing soil pH. Additional influxes of ammonium-N to salt-impacted soils are rapidly nitrified therefore and, thereafter, increased leaching of nitrate-N to the local waterways occurs, which has particular relevance to the Water Framework Directive. The results reported are important when assessing the fate of inputs of ammonia to soils from atmospheric pollution.     

SnAgCu焊料中Sn元素在模拟土壤溶液中的浸出行为

研究了Sn-3.5Ag-0.75Cu无铅焊料及其与Cu基板的钎焊接头在模拟土壤的NaCl,NaCl-Na2SO4和NaCl-Na2SO4-Na2CO3溶液中Sn元素的浸出行为.结果表明:焊料在NaCl-Na2SO4-Na2CO3溶液中Sn的浸出相对严重;而接头在NaCl溶液中Sn的浸出量最多.在Sn浸出量多的焊料和接头表面形成厚而疏松的腐蚀产物,XRD分析表明其产物主要由SnO,SnO2和Sn4(OH)6Cl2组成.动电位极化测试分析表明接头中Cu基板与焊料合金之间的电偶腐蚀是焊料合金与接头在同种溶液中Sn元素浸出差异的主要原因.     

Fenton氧化对污泥脱水性能和溶解性物质作用效果的研究

研究了Fenton氧化技术在改善污泥脱水性能方面的效果,以污泥比阻和毛细吸水时间来表征污泥的脱水性能,探讨了体系的pH和反应时间对污泥脱水性能的影响以及Fenton氧化对污泥溶解性物质(SCOD+多聚糖+蛋白质)含量的影响研究表明,Fenton氧化能够明显改善污泥的脱水性能。在体系的pH=3时,反应1h后,Fenton氧化处理后污泥的CST从处理前的130.9s减少到19.7s,降幅85%;污泥SRF从处理前的3.58×108 s2/g降低到1.05×107 s2/g,降幅97%。同体系处理污泥SCOD、上清液中多聚糖和蛋白质的含量分别增加了3.7倍、2.6倍和1.5倍。     

Heavy metal phytoextraction by Sedum alfredii is affected by continual clipping and phosphorus fertilization amendment

Improving the efficacy of phytoextraction is critical for its successful application in metal contaminated soils. Mineral nutrition affects plant growth and metal absorption and subsequently the accumulation of heavy metal through hyper-accumulator plants. This study assessed the effects of di-hydrogen phosphates (KH₂PO₄, Ca(H₂PO₄)₂, NaH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄) application at three levels (22, 88 and 352 mg P/kg soil) on Sedum alfredii growth and metal uptake by three consecutive harvests on aged and Zn/Cd combined contaminated paddy soil. The addition of phosphates (P) significantly increased the amount of Zn taken up by S. alfredii due to increased shoot Zn concentration and dry matter yield (DMY) (P<0.05). The highest phytoextraction of Zn and Cd was observed in KH₂PO₄ and NH₄H₂PO₄ treatment at 352 mg P/kg soil. The amount of Zn removed by phytoextraction increased in the order of 1st clipping<2nd clipping<3rd clipping, and for Cd extraction the order was 2nd clipping<1st clipping<3rd clipping. These results indicate that the application of P fertilizers coupled with multiple cuttings can enhance the removal of Zn and Cd from contaminated soils by S. alfredii, thus shortening the time needed for accomplishing remediation goals.     

地下空间在节能减排中的应用及展望

在能源短缺和环境污染的双重压力下,我国出台多项措施加大节能减排力度。总结概括了地下空间的几种类型,认为盐岩洞穴、废弃矿洞、废弃油井、枯竭油气层等地下空间经过技术改造,可以埋存CO2、固体垃圾、废弃核原料,储存油气,地热利用等,能创造可观的社会价值和环境保护效益,可作为节能减排的一种有效措施。以山东地区为例,调研分析了山东多处地下空间利用现状,给出了地下空间的三种发展方向。     

几种表面防护体系耐盐雾性能研究

目的通过对比试验室加速腐蚀试验结果,获得耐盐雾腐蚀性能最佳的表面防护体系。方法选用2024铝合金的几种不同表面防护体系,进行盐雾腐蚀试验。通过宏观腐蚀形貌和涂层失光率变化来分析判定表面防护体系耐腐蚀性能,获得抗腐蚀性能优异的表面防护体系。结果综合内外部防护体系宏观腐蚀形貌和失光率情况来看,阿洛丁氧化和所配套的三套涂层系统的盐雾适应性较差。结论内部防护体系推荐采用铬酸阳极化+10P4-X底漆防护体系;外部防护体系推荐采用铬酸阳极化+10P20-X底漆+ECL面漆防护体系。